Archives

Types of Gestures: Humans use gestures to express communicative intent with gross (body, arms) and fine motor movements (hands, fingers, face, lips). Research from Iverson and Thal (1998) defined two types of gestures, representational and deictic. Deictic: Emerging around 7-9 months of age (Carpenter et al., 1998), this type of gesture can be either distal […]

Description of Participants, Methods, and Conditions: The online search used Communication & Mass Media Complete, ERIC, Medline, PsycEXTRA, Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, and PsycINFo databases. The studies must have had late-talking participants, been tested at least 5 months after determination and before the age of 5, have had data on one predictor, and been in […]

Description of Methods, Participants, and Assessment Measures: Subjects were given assessments that evaluated speech, language, orthographic knowledge, and phonological awareness. The age range was chosen as neurotypical children begin to develop these pre- literacy skills around this age. Skills varied among participants due to the nature of study’s purpose, which was to examine “intrinsic factors” […]

Description of Participants, Methods, and Conditions: The original group of children totaled 65 three- year-olds, which were required to be using 3- word utterances and have age-appropriate speech sound/articulation skills; all of the subjects spoke English, and passed an oral mechanism exam, cognitive screen, and hearing screen. Further, the subjects had to meet Lee’s criteria […]

Design & Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria:: The authors conducted an online search using ERIC, PsychINFO, Wilson, Academic Search Premier, and MEDLINE databases. Qualifying criteria were as follows: “1) participants ages 3– 18 years old with a disability or at risk of having a disability; (b) participants from CLD backgrounds; (c) conducted utilizing experimental designs (e.g., single-case research […]